Academic Relevancy :: essays papers

Academic Relevancy Meeting the educational needs of all students is a challenging task for educators. This task is intensified when the student has learning, and/or physical disabilities. A learning disability is defined as "any of various conditions, thought to be associated with the nervous system, that cause difficulty in mastering a basic skill such as reading" (Wordsmyth, 2000). A physical disability is defined as "the condition or state of incapacity, esp. as caused by an injury, congenital defect, illness, or the like" (Wordsmyth, 2000). Many of these students require special instruction. "For example, students with mental retardation benefit from very organized learning situations, because of their limited cognitive abilities" (Duhaney, Duhaney, 2000). Students with learning disabilities often encounter difficulty in reading and writing; modifying instruction for these students is necessary in order to ensure their academic success. Assistive technology will play an important role in helping students with disabilities to improve their learning experience. Assistive Devices "People with disabilities rely on assistive technology devices and services to sustain, regain or increase their functional capabilities. About 13 million people with disabilities report using assistive devices to provide functional capabilities needed to participate in major life activities" (RERC, 2001). The Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 (Tech Act) defines assistive technology devices as any item, piece of equipment, or product system whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. Some examples of the various categories of assistive technology include:  § TALKING WORD PROCESSORS  § WORD PREDICTION  § PORTABLE NOTE-TAKING DEVICES  § Communication Aids  § Amplification Devices  § Switches  § Optical Pointers  § Touch Screens  § Touch Pads Specific Uses in Education Talking word processors give the student auditory feedback to reinforce the writing process. Letters, words, sentences, paragraphs, or entire documents can be read aloud while the student types. Features can be customized to individual student needs by selecting what text is read from pull-down menus (Quenneville, 2001).

What if anything was surprising about the post-war economic recovery of Europe

In the immediate period after V. E Day there was a realization by all sides of the conflict that the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919 had itself been one of the main catalysts to the Second World War. This meant that a new approach would need to be taken to reconstruct Europe and it would need to do so with a broader view of Europe as a whole. The Second World War inflicted appalling loses on resources, infrastructure, and, above all human lives. The war cost anything up to fifty million lives and displaced millions more. However although conditions were anything but propitious for economic growth a dramatic transformation took place over the next â€Å"30 glorious years†. Both Eastern and Western Europe†s economies were massively distorted by the demands of war; normal production ground to a halt and trade decreased further weakening Europe†s position in the world economy. The subsequent result of the unprecedented destruction was starvation and inflation together with a legacy of conflict that left Europeans mentally and emotionally exhausted. The fact that the war was the first to be directly targeted at civilians, both through ethnic genocide and warfare in urban areas (most destructively from the air), meant that economics would need to be at the core of any peacetime solutions. There were three elements to the economic impact that affected Europe, and the measures that were introduced to solve these crises paved the way for the turn-around that Europe experienced between the late 1940†³s and early 1970†³s. The first factor was the disruption to Europe†s productive assets, a rise in military production had exhausted capital stocks and many factories were themselves destroyed by the conflict. Industrial capitals such as transport and communication infrastructures were also debilitated. The second effect was of Capital loss, the colonial powers had been forced to dispose of foreign assets and had simultaneously accumulated huge debts. A drop in domestic consumption and investment also left their economies depleted. Thirdly European states (especially France and Britain) were under the obligations of the Lend-Lease agreements which sponsors like the U. S. A and other lending states had supplied to boost their war effort. Despite these extreme difficulties rehabilitation followed surprisingly quickly. In the west in particular there was rapid reconstruction and recovery, meaning the first phase of economic development lasted no more than ten years. In the east, where the scale of devastation and loss of life had been far greater, the process needed to go beyond mere rebuilding and the imposition of Soviet communist control meant that transformation would take significantly longer. The ‘super-boom† that began in post-war Europe can therefore be seen as somewhat of an economic miracle, with many of it†s features being the only positive repercussions of the war. In the west priority was given to rebuilding the infrastructure rather than to satisfying consumption needs (except food). At the same time the economic methods of John Maynard Keynes were being used to squeeze out inflation through financial controls, higher taxes and currency reform. Since controlling inflation added to unemployment and shortages in essential products, new social services were introduced to minimise these negative affects on the population, who after all were still recovering from the hardships of war. The Welfare States that were created also helped in getting the economies moving quickly. The other crucial benefit that the western states had over the communist east was the financial help they received from the U. S. A through Marshal Aid. Between 1947 and 1952 $23 billion was made available to Europe, this hard currency enabled Western economies to ensure their recovery by buying the goods they needed to reconstruct and modernise. So, while in 1946 West European production was only 8% of the world†s total, by 1950 it accounted for almost 20%. In the east, where the starting situation was far worse than in the west due to ferociously destructive battles and Nazi depredations, reconstruction was unimportant compared to the more immediate concerns of feeding and housing the vastly displaced population. In fact in the USSR more people died after the war had finished of starvation, than had during the actual conflict. The period was also witnessing huge social and political changes with Stalin consolidating his firm grip on power, the effect this had on the East†s economic recovery was negative compared to that of the West. Land was distributed to the poor and most industrial property was nationalised. However most importantly there was no support given to Eastern Block states by the U. S. A as Marshal himself distrusted Stalin and thought that he was planning to seize more of Europe. However, Stalin was only utilising the satellite states to help rebuild the soviet economy, yet these factors ensured there was no ‘boom† in the east for at least a decade. In the west when reconstruction was achieved growth was barely interrupted for the next thirty years until the oil crisis of 1973. The technological advances and new production methods during this period were another of the positive after effects of the war. New consumer goods such as televisions were the visible side of the booming economies and by the 1960†³s Western Europe was once again the largest trading block in the world with Gross Domestic Products up to eight times that of the first half of the century. All this was achieved without massive inflation because productivity rose enormously and capacity was fully used. However, to economic historians this economic revival can be seen as surprising and somewhat unexplainable. Technical factors played a part, with new sources of energy, more modern communications, new styles of management and new production practices all helping to streamline the economies. Most of these were derived from the war or the more advanced America, who†s economy was unscathed by war. Another factor was the more ‘hands on† approach taken by western governments in managing their economies. In this way they were able to stimulate a ‘mixed economy† which had elements of private finance and nationalised industries. Keynes ideal was to have no sector of the economy that did not have a government presence. He saw that the mistake of forgetting economics at Versailles led to the boom and bust that enabled nationalism to influence Europe. One other reason for these changes was to attempt to catch up the more advanced economies, most notably the U. S. A. The high levels of capital investment and the move of resources from agricultural to more productive sectors all benefited this goal. The actual stimulus to employment and trade that reconstruction created also kick-started the boom. Social elements also affected the economies of Western states. The ‘baby-boom† of the war years produced a younger and better-educated work force, who also reflected the impact of the new welfare provisions that had been constructed. As demographics changed the population was also modernised in other ways. Urbanisation began at a greater level to compliment the new industries that were developing. Also women, who had entered the work place during the war, meant that the work force was diversifying as well as specialising. Family structures were therefore changing, with the ‘nuclear family† being more mobile and functional. All of these factors helped ensure that the population was becoming more affluent and adapted to the new economy. This population was also becoming more at ease with buying consumer products as the burdens of the thirties and forties gave way to a more positive looking future. More money was also being spent in new industries such as tourism and leisure. This new wealth also meant that class structures were being eroded as a new economically independent middle class emerged. The West was also experiencing political stability, better labour relations and, by utilising the new attitudes in economy management, ensuring low unemployment. These factors all contributed vastly to the boom. Externally the protection that Western Europe was experiencing from the U. S. A helped growth. The Bretton Woods system that ensured exchange rate stability across the Atlantic until the 1960†³s was one part of this. Perhaps none of these factors can explain the surge in economic growth on their own. It was probably a fact that so many things came right at the same time and that the mistakes that had been made after the First World War were heeded. By 1970 the Western European economies had transformed beyond recognition, not only in size but also in organisation and geographical terms. One negative effect of this was the greater divergence from Eastern Europe that the new society exacerbated. It is easy to ask why this ‘economic miracle† was so surprising as the scale of destruction the Second World War wrought was so huge. However this was not the first time that Europe had needed to rebuild itself and governments had come to realise that they should forsake economics at their own peril.

Quality Payment Program Analysis - 988 Words

It is important to understand as the years pass by and the time is changing, the world of healthcare is changing as well, especially in terms of healthcare reform. One major change in healthcare reform was a course of action that required healthcare organizations to submit mandatory data on the quality care of their patients. This plan was initiated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid in 2015, in which they implemented the Medicare Access and CHIP Re-authorization Act (MACRA). This act modernized how Medicare payments are tied to quality and cost of care (EClinical, n.d.). MACRA initially focused on Meaningful Use (MU), PQRS and Valued-Based Modifiers (VBMs). In fact, when it came time to report quality data, if an organization did†¦show more content†¦As one can see, a decrease in Medicare reimbursements can be a significant deficit for any healthcare facility. Therefore, the main issue within our private Gastroenterology practice located in Providence, Rhode Island, i s having a full understanding of the recent adjustment implemented by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. Essentially, it is crucial for our organization to learn and adapt to the new reporting program in order to receive maximum government reimbursements and not be deemed for any errors. Unfortunately, the new change in quality reporting has added stress to not just our organization, but also other organizations across the nation. In order to become proactive, our organization is going to implement an educational program. The purpose is to create an informative, hands-on program that allows the physicians and administrators to fully grasp MIPS. The program will contain all the necessary materials to help the individuals have complete knowledge and awareness of the future of healthcare reform. Consequently, the real issue is to understand the new MIPS program in its entirety. If healthcare organizations decide to do without such a necessity, then the issue of MIPS will affect the population health, vulnerableShow MoreRelatedTheories And Theories Of Nursing Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesa process for concept analysis specific to nursing to help graduate students to apply and examine the different phenomena’s that are of interest to nurses in 1986 (McEwen Wills, 2014). Over the course of time this original approach to concept analysis in nursing has been adjusted to meet the needs of the nursing profession to enhance the clarity and distinctiveness of nursing concepts (McEwen Wills, 2014). In this paper, we will discuss Morse’s method of concept analysis in greater detail, andRead MoreHow Resources Within A Patient Centered Medical Home ( Pcmh ) Are Managed Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesVarious elements influence how resources within a Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) are managed. PCMHs veer away from traditional episodic and often fragmented care to offer patients higher quality care that is accessible, comprehensive, coordinated and more cost-effective. PCMH demonstration projects have shown that the model enhances health outcomes, reduces waste, and improves patient and employee satisfaction alike. This transition, however presents significant challenges and necessitatesRead MoreWhat Is Pay For Performance? Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Pay-for-Performance? Pay-for-performance is a payment approach which focuses on improving the quality of healthcare. This payment system focuses on providing financial incentives to providers who achieve health outcomes for their patients. Providers are typically evaluated on four metrics:  ¥ Process. This pertains to health measures that have been shown to improve health conditions. For example, whether or not providers counseled patients to quit smoking (Baird, C., 2016).  ¥ Outcome. ThisRead MoreA Presentation Of A Strategic Analysis Of Hospital At Home Program Of Presbyterian Healthcare Services1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe paper is a presentation of a strategic analysis of hospital at home program of Presbyterian Healthcare Services in New Mexico, which seeks to improve care quality and patient satisfaction while reducing costs. The analysis identifies the key issues, conducts a situational analysis, presents strategy formulation, offers recommendations, designs the implementation of strategies, and concludes with benchmarks for success which utilize contingency plans. 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The first quality initiative that could increase patient satisfaction and potentially reduce healthcare cost is the national data warehouse. According to Brennan, Cafarella, Kocot, McKethan, Morrison, Nguyen, Shepard Williams II (2009), â€Å"this type of quality analysis needs to be valuableRead MoreHealth Care Case Study1142 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Specifically, the US does not have a government run health insurance program that entitles all citizens to have health insurance automatically. Additionally, the system does not function as a well-integrated network of elements that complement each other, instead a fragmented structure is currently in place. Without equal access to healthcare through a uniform insurance platform, citizens struggle to access quality healthcare. The financial aspect of the US’s current healthcare system is complexRead MoreMedicare Reimbursement Model Pros And Cons1092 Words   |  5 PagesValue System (RBRVS) for reimbursement rate setting. In addition to advocating for adoption of coding compliance rules, I was fully involved with educating multiple stakeholders on the complexities of the CMS ASC Payment System, and the Hospital Outpatient and Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems (HOPPS, IPPS). During the policy modification phase, my role was to advocate for full adoption to prevent circumventing of rules understanding each stakeholder’s interests to mitigate the negative consequencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Health Care On Healthcare1497 Words   |  6 PagesElectronic Health Records. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is responsible for analyzing trends and has created tools and resources to help meet the needs of today’s U.S health system. Some of those tools are the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and Quality measurement tools that provide information and references (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2016). In the past, fee-for-service was a huge avenue as a payment source for physicians. Rates were set on the costs for providingRead MoreQuality Based Medicaid Payment During Health Policy851 Words   |  4 PagesQuality-Based Medicaid Payment in Health Policy LeadingAge Texas is working with policy makers to pass the Nursing Home Quality Rate Enhancement health policy. Some of the issues addressed in the meeting regarding quality care will be addressed in this paper. How the NHQRE policy will impact the advanced nursing practice and the delivery of health care. NHQRE is a needed health policy that will increase our quality care. During the LeadingAge Texas 2017 Legislative meeting, which took place in

The Growth of the Early American Economy in the West

Cotton, at first a small-scale crop in the American South, boomed following Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin in 1793, the machine that separated raw cotton from the seeds and other waste. The production of the crop for use had historically relied on arduous manual separation, but this machine revolutionized the industry and in turn, the local economy that eventually came to rely on it. Planters in the South bought land from small farmers who frequently moved farther west. Soon, large southern plantations supported by slave labor  made some American families very wealthy. Early Americans Move West It wasnt just small southern farmers who were moving west. Whole villages in the eastern colonies sometimes uprooted and established new settlements looking for new opportunity in the more fertile farmland of the Midwest. While western settlers are often depicted as fiercely independent and strongly opposed to any kind of government control or interference, these first settlers actually received quite a bit of government support, both directly and indirectly. For example, the American government began investing in infrastructure out west including government-funded national roads and waterways, such as the Cumberland Pike (1818) and the Erie Canal (1825). These government projects ultimately helped new settlers migrate west and later helped move their western farm produce to market in the eastern states. President Andrew Jackson's Economic Influence Many Americans, both rich and poor, idealized Andrew Jackson, who became president in 1829, because he had started life in a log cabin in American frontier territory. President Jackson (1829-1837) opposed the successor to Hamiltons National Bank, who he believed favored the entrenched interests of the eastern states against the west. When he was elected for a second term, Jackson opposed renewing the banks charter and Congress supported him. These actions shook confidence in the nations financial system, and business panics occurred in both 1834 and 1837. American 19th Century Economic Growth in the West But these periodic economic dislocations did not curtail rapid U.S. economic growth during the 19th century. New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened to take advantage. The steamboat made river traffic faster and cheaper, but the development of railroads had an even greater effect, opening up vast stretches of new territory for development. Like canals and roads, railroads received large amounts of government assistance in their early building years in the form of land grants. But unlike other forms of transportation, railroads also attracted a good deal of domestic and European private investment. In these heady days, get-rich-quick schemes abounded. Financial manipulators made fortunes overnight while much more lost their entire savings. Nevertheless, a combination of vision and foreign investment, combined with the discovery of gold and a major commitment of Americas public and private wealth, enabled the nation to develop a large-scale railroad system, establishing the base for the countrys industrialization and expansion into the west.

Essay on The Cold War India - 1580 Words

The Third World is the name that was given to the part of the world that was not part of the Industrialized World in the beginning of the Cold War. The First World was America while the Second World was the Soviet Union. The Developing World represents much of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. After most of these countries became independent of western influence and recourses, their infrastructure began to fall apart. The United States and the Soviet Union used their allies for raw materials and markets, which was a big part of the cold war. India was a non-aligned country so the two superpowers did not focus much attention on its internal conflicts. Until the Indian-Pakistan War the US and the USSR did not want to get involved with the†¦show more content†¦There was such a mix of Hindus and Muslims and secular violence broke out until the new constitution, which came into affect in 1950 making India a secular state that elected Jawaharlal Nehru as the prime minister. After t he new constitution was created, minimum wage and health benefits were given to India’s workers, and the country started to industrialize making better roads and irrigation. Nehru’s strategy was to make the economy a ‘mixed’ economy meaning that there was some state owned industry as well as private businesses. During the period of the Cold War many governments began to support privately owned industries, which is a capitalist idea, even though some communist countries began to follow it.2 In 1962 India became involved in the Sino-Indian War, which was fought between India and China. The war began mainly as a result of a Himalayan border dispute. After India gained its independence it also gained the previously British-occupied lands in China and pushed the borders even further north. The Chinese disagreed with the Indians and believed that this land was part of Mainland China. The Democratic People’s Republic of China (DPRC) invaded the disputed ar eas of China/India or known as Tibet and easily beat the Indians back. After China had reached its claimed territorial lines, they did not advance any further and the UN Security Council initiated a ceasefire. The Chinese chose their moment of attack during theShow MoreRelatedBritish Colonization Of Indi A Type Of Government1680 Words   |  7 PagesLaurann Byrde Mr. Beaton Global History II November 18,2016 British Colonization of India Imparaliziam is a type of government that seeks to increase its size either by forcing through or influencing though politics other countries to submit to their rule. At this time this is what Europe was doing too many nationals. Imperialism did not just start in the 19th century it was going on from since the 16th century. Imperialism and colonialism were two different things. The European imperialismRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Cold War1311 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Fuchs The Global Effects of the Cold War and Decolonization The Cold War, also known as what could have been the third world war, conquered the second half of the 20th century. This international crisis, beginning at the end of World War II, is defined as the period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. There are numerous reasons as to why many believed the Cold War commenced, one being that the Soviet Union wanted to spread its belief of communism worldwide, which inRead MoreRelationship Between The Cold War And Global White Supremacy853 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between the Cold War and global white supremacy is clear from Borstelmann’s writing. He demonstrates how the improvement of race relations both domestic and foreign were a necessity. If the U.S. did not fix how potential allies (specifically all post colonial countries) viewed the U.S., communism was sure to spread. Although Latham does not identify race as a reason for modernization both Latham and Borstelmann show that Aligning with the se posts countries was necessary to preventRead MoreInternational Relations During Cold War Era1052 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Title Needed† Conceptual Framework Nuclear Parity as a concept started prevailing in International relations in Cold War era. According to the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms by US Department of Defense (2005): â€Å"Nuclear parity is a given condition at a given point in time when opposing forces possess nuclear offensive and defensive systems approximately equal in over all combat effectiveness†. As a theoretical concept it is regarding keeping a equilibrium in balance in power, weaponryRead MoreNuclear Weapons During The Cold War Era Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesenemies and make them a power on the global scale. The Cold War era and post- Cold War era both saw an in increase in the spread of nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, after the US first used a nuclear weapon in 1945, states that gained nuclear capabilities were the France, the UK, China and the Soviet Union. Post – Cold War era India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea all gained nuclear weapons and shows the problem with proliferation of them. India and Pakistan are neighboring states and rivals whichRead MoreThe Cold War and Decolonization1646 Words   |  7 Pages After the tragic events of World War II, the Cold War represented how the two superpowers were in a fight in order to gain more territory. The Soviet Union wanted European countries to abide by communism while the United States were trying to prevent the spread of communism and enforce democracy. However, the Soviets took control of the eastern half of Europe and the United States controlled the western side. Communism is a one-party dictatorship where the government controls economic and politicalRead MoreThe Link between Violent Video Games and Behavior1230 Words   |  5 PagesSouth Asia. This is the channel that teaches you about the history, people, and fun facts of the world. We’ll be right back, after the commercial. Have you ever pondered about the unfairness in India? Have you ever heard of the caste system? The caste system is the categorization of social groups in India. The first cast is the Brahmin, consisting of people that have a job relating to religion such as priests. The next cast is the Kshatriya, with warriors and rulers. 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Although essentially fought between two superpowers, the United States of America (U.S.A.) and the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (U.S.S.R.), the impact was most heavily felt in the developing world. Although there was no direct fightingRead MoreInternational Atomic Energy Agency : Indo Pakistani Arms Race1649 Words   |  7 PagesBrief Background of the Topic The Indo-Pakistani conflict began at around 1947. During the British colonial rule, Indian and Muslim nationalism resulted in the conflict between India and Pakistan. The conflict was mostly between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim Leagfue. As the British retreated after the end of World War II, the British government advised, before its departure, that the two organizations should cooperate and draft a constitutional framework. However, due to bitter tensions

Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Series Free Essays

Introduction: The Fibonacci Series The Fibonacci Series is a sequence of numbers first created by Leonardo Fibonacci (fibo-na-chee) in 1202. It is a deceptively simple series, but its ramifications and applications are nearly limitless. It has fascinated and perplexed mathematicians for over 700 years, and nearly everyone who has worked with it has added a new piece to the Fibonacci puzzle, a new tidbit of information about the series and how it works. We will write a custom essay sample on Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Series or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fibonacci mathematics is a constantly expanding branch of number theory, with more and more people being Yellow flower with 8 petals, a Fibonacci rawn into the complex subtleties of Number. Fibonacci’s legacy. The first two numbers in the series are one and one. To obtain each number of the series, you simply add the two numbers that came before it. In other words, each number of the series is the sum of the two numbers preceding it. Note: Historically, some mathematicians have considered zero to be a Fibonacci number, placing it before the first 1 in the series. It is known as the zeroth Fibonacci number, and has no real practical merit. We will not consider zero to be a Fibonacci number in our discussion of the series. http://library. thinkquest. rg/27890/mainIndex. html Series: (0,) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55†¦ EXAMPLE IN NATURE Fibonacci Series–Activity 1 Using a piece of graph paper, draw a spiral using the Fibonacci series. Starting in the center of th e page, draw a 1 X 1 square, next to it draw another 1 X 1 square, After, draw 2 X 2 squares touching the last two squares, Then continue to add on squares until the graph paper is filled. To finish the spiral draw arcs (quarter circles) in each square starting in the center and working outward. Do you notice any similarity to the spiral you have drawn and the image of the shell? Fibonacci Series–Activity 2 Take the Fibonacci sequence listed below and divide each pair of number and record the results in the table. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 combo results 1/1 2/1 3/2 5/3 8/5 13/8 21/13 34/21 55/34 89/55 What do you notice? This is called the golden ratio. (Phi is 1 ·61803398874†¦ ) This is another special number that appears in the world around us and (as you saw) is related to the Fibonacci series. Fibonacci Series–Activity 3 Each hand has how many digits? _______________ Each finger has how many bones? _______________ Each finger has how many joints between the just inger bones themselves? _______________ Each finger has how many finger nails? What pattern do you see? _______________ _______________________________ Now pick one finger Measure the length of each of the three segments; this is the easiest to do if the finger is bent. Longest _______________cm Medium _______________cm Shortest _______________cm Now divide the long est length by the medium length, what do you get? ________________ Now divide the medium length by the shortest length, what do you get this time? ___________ What is the ratio? ____________________________________ How to cite Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Series, Essay examples

Promoting Family Centred Nursing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Promoting Family Centred Nursing. Answer: Introduction The old definition to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander is original Australians. According to Federal Government definitions, one can only be aboriginal if the community in which he or she lives identifies them as aboriginal, one with aboriginal descent as well or one who recognizes as an Aboriginal person, Broome, R., (2010). Data from the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, state approximately 370 million people are spread across 70 countries of the world, with each retaining different cultures, economic and political characteristics and uniqueness in traditions.Their cultural believes and practices determine Peoples' health and values they place in their feeding,Broome, R., (2010), (Gooding et al., 2011,Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 20-28). Aboriginal people have been surviving many challenges such as drought and famine, and floods. There is scientific proof that there exist extreme climate in areas where they live(d) due to periods of arid climate change in regions of Warratyi, in South Australia dating from 50,000 years ago. These people survived wherebig animals would become extinct because of harsh climate change, (Young and Doohan, 2011). The standard weights in boys according to (FP Library) from birth to 1 year up to 18 years are; 1 year has an average of 10kg, age 2 years 13kgs, age 3 years 15kgs, age 4 years 17kgs, age 5 years 19kgs, age 6 years 21kgs, age 7 years 23kgs, etc. in this regard, David has a complication since he only has 14.5kgs at age 4 years, instead of 17kgs for a healthy child. It should be noted that weight gain after birth doubles by 4-5 months of age, triples in 1 year and quadruples by two years where annual increase ages 2-9 years. At four years the height of David is standard as at birth an average child height is 50cm, which doubles after four years. 97cm for David may not be a big problem or a complication, Schultz,(2012). There is a need for family caregivers to do thorough preparation to meet the needs of their new responsibilities, such as physical care, psychological care and social and spiritual support. The type of care given to patients will differ in accordance to their ailments. Some patients are too physically vulnerable if discharged, e.g., patients with hematological cancer. Their immune system is low making them too susceptible to lethal infections. Nutritional failure and too much dehydration is a risk that they are likely to experience as a result of losing appetite and ability to eat. There is a great need of patient's emotional support revolving around the recurrence, readmission, or death, (Young and Doohan, 2011). It has to be also noted that, family caregivers have also suffered emotionally arising a need for education and support of family caregivers needs to address both how to solve the patients' needs and maintain caregivers' well-being. In case of discharge, a telephone must be available to monitor the symptoms management education provided. It is said that aboriginals health and well-being in Australia is less healthy than the rest of other Australian populace. Kidney dialysis was the leading cause of those admitted in Australian hospitals from Aboriginal group in 2010-2011, (Davis et al., 2012, pp.2005-2011).However, the leading causes of these health problems amongst aboriginals in Australia are 11 most considerable preventable contributions such as tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, high body mass, lack of exercises, low fruit and vegetable intake, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, unsafe sex, child sexual abuse and intimate partner violence. They seek medical services more often than non-aboriginals Australians. Aboriginalshealth expenditure was approximated to be around $4.6 billion. This represented 3.7% of Australian total recurrent health budget. This time there are about 2.5% of aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander in Australia. Each indigenous health expenditure is estimated at $7,995, 1.4 times greater t han $5,437 spent in those non-indigenous. Australian government spent 91.4% to fund indigenous health care in comparison to non-indigenous who it spent 68.1%, (Ens et al., 2012,pp.100-107). However, they moved from place to place where they believed to be favorable local environment were created by the spirit of their ancestors. Recent past of Aboriginal people have influenced their health in a negative way such as racism, discrimination, forced removal of children, loss of identity, language, culture, and land. This is to say, health-wise Aboriginal people are discriminated as evident in the 1860s where they have been discriminated on health issues, schools, travel restriction, and education opportunities, (McDonald et al., 2009, p.346 ). On the same year, mental health was in an alarming rate especially psychological distress amongst indigenous, a double comparison with non-indigenous Austrians, (Dwyer et al., 2009,p.viii), (Caron and Liu, 2010). A study of 2007 concluded that there are four main preventable habits causing indigenous mental health included alcoholism, which takes the lead, illicit drugs the second, sexual abuse among children and intimate violence. There was a 15% gap of 10-year life expectancy gap betweennon-indigenous and indigenous caused mental health disorders, (Dwyer et al., 2009,p.viii), (Caron and Liu, 2010), (Phillips et al., 2014). The table below represents infant mortality rate of live births in Australia in 2006/08 Indigenous Australians No-indigenous Australians Region Life births Children Mortality Rate Region Life births Children Mortality rate All Male Female All male Female New South West 1000 7.7 New South West 1000 4.3 Northern Territory 1000 13.6 15 12 Northern Territory 1000 3.8 4.4 3.3 Table 1.1representation of children mortality rate, Australia The mortality rate in children differs depending on regions of Australia as evident in the table above. In this regard, male die more than females in both groups and regions. From 1998 to close of 2013, a big drop in child death rate of about 31% and considerable gap narrowed by 35% in the local community has been estimated, (OLeary et al., pp.e770-e778). Many factors are said to contribute poor health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander than in other Australians, and they include lack of education, inadequate health care knowledge, high lack of employment, poor housing as well as poor access to infrastructure compared to non-indigenous Australian. For 5 years alone between 2009/13, 621 children of locals died at 0-4 years, out of which 502(81%) infants deaths. This is 1.9 times than non-indigenous rate. Risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol, poor nutrition during pregnancy are the significant causes of child mortality as well as other causes as preterm births and poor maternal health, (Davis et al., 2012, pp.2005-2011). They suffer significant health concerns, social, economic disadvantage, and shortened life expectancy compared with non-aboriginal Australians. These are caused by unresolved issues of land rights, self-determination, and identity poor economic development, due to historical trauma, Altman,(2009).It has been thought before anything else healing from the past trauma of the indigenous families before any other anything else can be addressed. They have a higher feeling of disconnection and helplessness, loss, powerlessness, grief among locals, (Berry et al., 2010). Nurses have the role to play in family-centered care as the patient, and their families are emotionally attached, and this can be too challenging, Harrison(2010, 25(5), pp.335-343.). There is a need for nurses' intervention in health care provision to reduce confusion and emotional attachment effects to the services they offer to the patients and their families. The following are the nurses role in the provision of family-centered care support. Carrying out medical analysis and treatment, evaluating, and managing a wide variety of severe and chronic diseases is also a good practice. Finding out patients medical histories and carrying outpatients examinations Requesting diagnostic imaging Carrying out diagnostic studies, e.g., lab tests) Doing physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other rehabilitation treatments Giving drugs for chronic diseases (extent of prescriptive authority varies by state regulation) Offering parental care and family planning services Doing Counseling services and education to patients concerningtheir health issues such as, self-care skills, and treatment options in coordination with the occupational therapist and other healthcare providers is also very useful. Free communication between healthcare professionals and Australian indigenous people has been made difficult by the negative impact of racial and economic discrimination with many others past government policies disadvantaging Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders, Altman and Hinkson(2010, 25(5), pp.335-343). Nurses should be cautious when dealing with this group by establishing rapport through politely introducing themselves and giving stories of your personal life. Also, there is a need for a nurse explaining why they would want to ask specific questions. Also, nurses should be able to use non-verbal communication carefully as they may be wrongly interpreted. When nurses are communicating with the indigenous people, they should apply indirect questioning mostly preferred by the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders culture. This can be achieved through active listening to avoid selective hearing, repeat through paraphrasing to summarize what the person was saying to show concern, use of plain words, avoid telling a person to repeat themselves as well as preventing long questions that need comprehension. When making a decision try to know whether there is another person from the family who need to be consulted due to kinship family structures and relationship when managing health. The nurse would be concerned with the reason why Davidis light-weighted and skinny. The possibilities of David underweight could be as a result of the genetic makeup of his parents. Looking at Angela's body size the nurse could conclude of whether David's weight had a relationship with her genetic make-up. It is not obvious that the genetic make-up would be the course but a further potential explanation can be sought from the experts. David could be having an eating disorder caused by mental disease hence making his body nutrient deficiency, Parker, 2010, 198(1), pp.3-7), (Parker and Milroy, 2014, pp.25-38.), (Berry et al., 2011). This would be important if the nurse inquired from Angela of Davids eating habit, or refer David to a psychologist or psychiatrist for further examination. From the case study, Angela was smoking cigarette before David was born and this could be the cause why David health and weight was not progressive or normal. Maternal smoking reduces childs birth-weight by 150-250 g. This has resulted in children who are small-for-date. As a nurse, you need to make Angela access counseling services for her to know how she can quit smoking she is addicted to stop harming her in-born children. Ensuring that she goes through this process will help her understand the health risk of smoking to herself and the people she loves (Jang et al., 2012, 12(1), p.145).Poor pregnancy due to smoking accounts for 20% of children with low birth weights in the United States, 5% of stillbirths, and 8% of preterm deaths. He or she should take advantage of Angela's unique quitting motivation by encouraging them that quitting reduces the health risk of in-born child and review them the critical benefit of postpartum to her and her child. Conclusion Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders are the original occupants of Australia and contribute 2.8% of Australian populace according to Australia bureau of statistics results released in 2016. The population of Australian's Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders are concentrated in the northern territory. This group has approximately over 170 million people of their kind distributed in over 70 countries of the world and is associated with racial, economic and social discrimination by both the government and the non-indigenous people. They are characterized by poor living conditions, poor health poor feeding habits, inadequate access to infrastructure, low education, intimate partner violence, sexual abuse of children, smoking and drug abuse. They suffer inferiority complex and nurses are to be careful when dealing with them on health matters. They need to be handled with a lot of care as past experiences of government policies restricting them over some human rights affects them psychologically even today. Today Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders are the leading in health expenditure with each indigenous health expenditure estimated at $7,995, which is 1.4 times greater than $5,437 spent in those non-indigenous. 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